NOTES

Abbreviations

HS archives	Hill-Stead archives, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT.
Diary	Theodate Pope's diary, unpublished, Hill-Stead archives, Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, CT.
Memoirs	Theodate Pope's memoirs, unpublished, Avon Old Farms School archives, Avon, CT.
AF archives	Avon Old Farms School archives, Avon, CT.
NYHS	New-York Historical Society

PREFACE

1. Gordon Ramsey, Aspiration and Perseverance: The History of Avon Old Farms School, Connecticut, 1984, 135.

CHAPTER I: EARLY YEARS AND EDUCATION

1. Memoirs, 15ff. See also Frances E. Pope, Notes of a Quiet Life, unpublished ms., 26-28, HS archives.
2. See Edward C. Pope's unpublished memoir, the source for the Popes' sojourn in Baltimore, HS archives.
3. See Theodate Pope's reply to the Franklin Spier Syndicate, AF archives. Material on the Brooks family is in the HS archives.
4. HS archives 1818 B.
5. After the financial panic of 1857 ended his position with a brokerage firm on Wall Street, Whittemore worked for and then went into partnership with Bronson Tuttle to make malleable iron castings in Naugatuck, his hometown. He became president of Tuttle and Whittemore in 1871 and remained president after the company expanded to become the Naugatuck Malleable Iron Company. See the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, New York, XV, 70.
6. Who's Who in America, Chicago, VI, 1910-1911, 1531. See also Cleve H. Pomeroy, 85 Years! National Malleable and Steel Castinqs (1868-1953), Ohio, 1953.
7. Memoirs, 21.
8. Diary, June 3, 1886.
9. Memoirs, 22f.
10. These diaries are part of the Hill-Stead archives. They turned up only in 1987, having been given, after Theodate's death, by her secretary to the wife of a couple living in the former shepherd's cottage on the Hill-Stead property.
11. His portrait of Theodate Stackpole Pope, dated 1885, hangs in the Hill-Stead dining room. A portrait of Alton Pope was commissioned after the latter's death in 1886.
12. HS archives.
13. 949 Euclid Avenue, later renumbered 3643. The house was sold by Theodate after her mother's death in 1920 and was torn down in the early 1960s. For W. R. Emerson see Cynthia Zaitzevsky, The Architecture of William Ralph Emerson, 1833-1917, Cambridge, (Mass.), 1969.
14. HS archives contain a photo album, dated 1913, with photos of the interior of the Popes' Euclid Avenue house.
15. New York Times, March 6, 1886, 5. See also Frances Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers. Impressionism Comes to America, New York, 1986, 44f.
16. Diary, April 13, 1886.
17. See Barbara Donahue, Farmington. New England Town Throuqh Time, photographs by Saren Langmann, Farmington, 1989.
18. Miss Sarah Porter was the daughter of Reverend Noah Porter, Farmington's Congregational minister for sixty years, and the brother of Noah Porter, a president of Yale. She opened classes for girls in a Victorian cottage on Mountain Road in 1847. Needing to expand her premises, she moved her school to Main Street, acquiring the red brick Union Hotel built in 1830. The school continued to expand, buying more old buildings on Main Street and thus preserving them.
19. Memoirs, 25.
20. This school, a forerunner of the country day school, became the University School. See William G. Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City, Cleveland, (n.d.),517.
21. After Miss Porter's, the Hamilton cousins returned home to Fort Wayne, Indiana to teach at a Sabbath mission school in an impoverished section. Alice made up her deficiencies in science and entered medical school. She became a professor of pathology at the Woman's Medical School of Northwestern University in Chicago. At the same time, as a resident of Hull House, she taught evening classes and established a baby clinic. She became Harvard's first woman professor. Agnes spent two years at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and then continued her social work, joining the Lighthouse, a small settlement in Philadelphia in 1902. See Barbara Sicherman, Alice Hamilton. A Life in Letters, Cambridge (Mass.), 1984.
22. Alice Hamilton, Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, MD, Boston, 1943, 35.
23. Ibid., 36. Noah Porter was the brother of Sarah and a president of Yale. His textbooks include Elements of Intellectual Science, 1871, and Elements of Moral Science, Theoretical and Practical, 1884. He explored such issues as the nature of matter and the soul, and man's moral responsibilities.

CHAPTER II: THE GRAND TOUR 1888-1889 AND ARTISTIC PROCLIVITIES

1. Diary, July 29, 1888.
2. On October 30th he bought a landscape watercolor by Mauve from the Paris dealer Charles Sedelmeyer for $1,000. HS archives 1960. On August 27, 1889, he bought Coin de Ferme, another watercolor from Boussod, Valadon & Co. for 3,000 francs. HS archives 1961. Mauve exhibited in major European cities and in the United States.
3. See Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 57f.
4. Monet's Les Meules (10,350 francs) and Rochers à Belle-Ile (6,500 francs). He paid for Monet's Rochers à Belle-Ile, substituting another haystack picture by Monet, Gelée blanche, for Les Meules on August 27, 1889. HS archives 1961. Also from Boussod, Valadon, he bought Monet's View of the Bay and Maritime Alps at Antibes, painted in 1888.
5. Diary May 9, 1889.
6. This exhibition was a retrospective of Monet's work between 1864 and 1889 and included 145 paintings, most of them lent by private collectors.
7. Bought from Boussod, Valadon, HS archives #1971 and note 4. Later in 1891 and 1892 Alfred Pope would purchase two additional haystack pictures by Monet: Haystacks Full Sun, painted in 1890, and Landscape-Haystacks in the Snow painted in 1891. The first from Boussod, Valadon is still at Hill-Stead. Alfred Pope traded the second back to Durand-Ruel, from whom he had bought it. The latter, after being bought by the Havemeyers, ended up in the Shelburne Museum in Vermont. In all he purchased nine Monets, buying his last, but earliest painting, Boats Leaving the Harbor at Le Havre (1865) in 1894. Four of these remain at Hill-Stead: View of Bay and Maritime Alps at Antibes; Haystacks, White Frost or Gelée blanche; Haystacks Full Sun; and Boats Leaving the Harbor at Le Havre. Alfred Pope traded as partial payment for other paintings: Road in Monte-Carlo, Boats at Fecamps, and Landscape-Haystacks in the Snow. Theodate sold Poppy Field and Belle-Ile: Sea and Rocks or Rochers à Belle-Ile to raise money for Avon Old Farms.
8. Diary, Aug. 20, 1889. He later bought Jockeys, a pastel, in 1892; Dancers in Pink, an oil, in 1893; and The Tub, a pastel, in 1907. These are at Hill-Stead. A small painting of Jockeys, purchased on December 29, 1892 was later sold by Theodate.
9. Diary, April 13, 1889.
10. From Durand-Ruel. HS archives, Diary entries May 8, Aug. 19 & 22, 1889. There is a receipt in the HS archives, #1968, for a picture by Lunois bought for 2,750 francs from Durand-Ruel. Lunois (1863-1916) was a lithographer as well as a painter. At the 1889 Salon he received a silver medal for the only painting he exhibited, #1744, Dans les champs, which was most likely the painting that Pope bought. Neither the painting by Lunois nor Tournès's La toilette, #2580, are illustrated in the catalogue. See Salon de 1889. Catalogue illustré. Peinture et Sculpture, Paris (1889). As nothing further is known of either work in Alfred Pope's collection, he must have traded them back to Durand-Ruel.
11. H.S. archives, Diary May 9 & 11, 1889. The two earlier Carrières are Maternity and Portrait of a Woman. All three remain at Hill-Stead.
12. He bought the William Morris tapestry on May 31, 1889. HS archives #2014. Its present whereabouts are unknown.
13. Diary Sept. 3, 1889. Matthew Maris (1839-1917) was a Dutch painter who came to London in 1885. He was not as well known as his older brother Jacob (1837-1899) who had studied in Paris, returning to The Hague in 1871. Alfred Pope acquired Jacob Maris's Dordrecht Harbor - when he bought it is unknown - which Theodate sold sometime after 1920 when it was inventoried at Hill-Stead. Later, in 1894, Alfred Pope did buy two pictures by Matthew Maris, Le Ménage and The Oxen Cart, in London. HS archives 1980 & 1984. Yet he did not keep them long, trading them back as partial payment for Manet's Toreadors in Feb. 1896. HS archive 1986.
14. Diary, Dec. 3, 1888.
15. Diary, June 5, 1889.
16. The Hill-Stead library contains the 1882 third edition of Walter Hamilton's The Aesthetic Movement in England.
17. See Glucq, L' Album de l'Exposition 1889, Paris (1889).
18. Diary Aug. 14, 1889.
19. Ibid.
20. Diary, Dec. 10, 1888.
21. Diary Feb. 8, 1889.
22. She visited the People's Palace on April 19th before it was completed, and later on May 31, 1889 so that she could see the type of people it attracted.
23. Letter to Agnes Hamilton dated Sept. 21, 1888. Schlesinger Foundation, Cambridge, Mass. Copy in HS archives 2148.
24. See The Handbook to the People's Palace for East London, (1887).
25. Walter Besant, All Sorts and Conditions of Men: An Impossible Story, London, ed. of 1892, 167. The architect of the People's Palace was E.R. Robson (1836-1917), the first architect to the London School Board.
26. See The Handbook to the People's Palace, 4.
27. Diary Jan. 23, 1889.
28. See Theodate Pope's letter to the Franklin Spier Syndicate, AF archives.
29. In her diary entry for Paestum, on Feb. 26, 1889, she noted that, "the pillars were not at all fine in the temples. They slanted too much and the capitols [sic.] were too large. Doric style."
30. Diary, May 24, 1889. Phrase order changed.
31. See her letter to Agnes Hamilton, dated April 16, 1889, in the Schlesinger Foundation, Cambridge, Mass.; copy in HS archives, 2151. She also writes about wanting to study architecture in this letter.
32. Diary, April 22, 1889. George Eliot lived from her second marriage until her death at 4 Cheyne Walk, not far from the Queen Anne houses and studio flats built on the recently developed Chelsea Embankment and Tite Street. Since the sketch does not exist, one can only speculate that Theodate noted a Queen Anne window, perhaps a curving bay with small panes. At a later date she would add Old English bow windows to her house on High Street in Farmington.
33. AF archives.
34. Diary, May 13, 1889.
35. Diary, May 27, 1889.

CHAPTER III: INDEPENDENCE IN FARMINGTON

1. Henry Hall Mason, known as Hal, was a cabinet maker, designer and builder of houses. He built several houses on Main Street and designed and built the Episcopal Church at 3 Mountain Road in 1898. Because he enjoyed working with different kinds of woods, he even made two cellos: one for the painter Robert Brandegee and the other for Alfred Pope. See Dudley Prentice, History of Farmington Houses, 1974, 9 vols., unpublished ms., The Prentice Collection, Farmington Library, CT, V, 203-7.
2. Letter to Agnes Hamilton, Cambridge, Mass., Schlesinger Library, copy HS 2169 and Memoirs, 29.
3. Theodate's cousin, Elizabeth Brooks, refers to the addition of the new kitchen in her letter to their mutual friend Agnes Hamilton, dated May 1, 1893. Schlesinger/HS 2178. The addition may be seen in a photograph taken about 1906. By this time Theodate had modified the entrance porch to her sitting room. See Arthur L. Brandegee, Farminqton, Connecticut. The Village of Beautiful Homes, Farmington, Conn., 1906, 185f.
4. See Hapgood and Hapgood. The Architecture of Melvin H. Hapgood and Edward T. Hapgood. Catalogue of the Exhibition. The Stowe-Day Foundation, Hartford, 1992, 24.
5. HS archives, 720.
6. Letter of Elizabeth Brooks to Agnes Hamilton, dated October 29, 1893, Schlesinger Library, copy HS archives, 2179.
7. While Theodate was at Princeton, Marquand and his associate Arthur Frothingham were compiling A Text-book of the History of Sculpture, New York, 1896. See Marilyn Aronberg Lavin, The Eye of the Tiger. The Founding and Development of the Department of Art and Archaeology, 1883-1923, Princeton University, Princeton, 1983.
8. HS archives, letters 241 (undated) and 242 (dated Dec. 8, 1893).
9. See her letter to Agnes Hamilton dated March 21, 1894 in the Schlesinger Library and a copy in the HS archives, 2160. See also HS archives, 1143.
10. These include Von Reber's History of Mediaeval Art and Collignon's Manual of Greek Archaeology. See Lavin, Eye of the Tiger, 29, for a list of textbooks used in the Princeton art department.
11. HS archives, 726, letter dated April 13th. The year is not given.
12. Letter dated August 25, 1894, in the H. Whittenmore, Jr. Trust, Naugatuck, CT. Parts of the letter were published in Hill-Stead Happenings, Summer, 1998, 5.
13. Pope paid Durand-Ruel $2,400 for Monet's Boats Leaving the Harbor at Le Havre. HS archives, receipt #1981 dated October 17, 1894.
14. Camille Pissarro. Lettres à Son Fils Lucien, ed. John Rewald, Paris, 1950, 353; quoted by Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 94. HS archives, 1981, for the purchase of Woman with Guitar from Durand-Ruel, October 17, 1894.
15. Pope's letter to Whistler, dated Sept. 21, 1894. Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow University Library, P 638. The Blue Wave was hung in the "place of honor" in the Popes' house on Euclid Avenue. It now rests over the mantel in Hill-Stead's second library. Pope referred to the figure piece as the Woman in Red in his letter to Whistler written from Cleveland on Nov. 27, 1894. Ibid., P 640. This may have been a portrait of Mrs. Whistler called Harmony in Red - Lamplight (University of Glasgow). Whistler, preoccupied by his wife's cancer, did not send him the Woman in Red that he craved. Two years later he bought Whistler's Portrait of Carmen Rossi, painted in 1895. Harris Whittemore, who had become an avid collector and who shared Pope's taste, managed to acquire two full- length Whistler portraits: the White Girl of 1862 and L'Andalouse, Mother-of-Pearl, now in the National Gallery in Washington. At some point Pope also bought Whistler's Last of Old Westminster, which Theodate sold in 1939 to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts to help pay for Avon Old Farms, two more seascapes - The Selsey Shore and Beach at Selsey Hill - the latter sold by Theodate and now in the New Britain Museum of American Art, plus a group of etchings and lithographs.
16. Letter from Theodate to Revillon dated Oct. 26, 1945, Glasgow University Library.
17. Alfred Pope refers to Miss Philip and to MacMonnies in letters to Whistler dated Sept. 21 and Oct. 1, 1894, in the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow University Library, P 638, P 639.
18. Letter from Theodate to Agnes Hamilton, dated Feb. 10, 1895, in the Schlesinger Library (copy in HS archives #2161); HS archives, 396, letter to Theodate in Princeton, dated April 18, 1896.
19. One of these drawings was a perspective rendering of Yale's first chapel, renamed the Athenaeum. The Athenaeum was demolished in 1893 to make way for the construction of Vanderbilt Hall.
20. Memoirs.
21. The McCahill house was moved south to join the O'Rourkery sometime in 1896. See Elizabeth Hart and Ruth Matteson, Historic Resources Inventory, Building and Structures, Hartford, Connecticut Historical Commission, 1986 (Photographs and histories of 400 buildings in Farmington and Unionville).
22. Hill-Stead Museum News, 4, June, 1991, 3.

CHAPTER IV: HILL-STEAD

1. See Christopher Bickford, Farmington in Connecticut, Canaan, New Hampshire, 1982.
2. The house dates from 1894-96. See Roth, McKim, Mead & White, Architects, 234.
3. Manning became a charter member of the American Society of Landscape Architects in 1899. John H. Whittemore continued to turn to Manning for the landscaping of the buildings and other projects he commissioned to benefit Naugatuck and Middlebury. See "Warren H. Manning, Landscape Designer," Landscape Architecture, 28, 1938, 148-153. Much of my knowledge of Manning is taken from William Grundman's lecture, "Warren Manning and His Relationship to Hill-Stead," given at Hill-Stead, April 14, 1991.
4. She is listed on his client list, #128 in 1897 and #232 in 1898. See the Manning collection at the University of Lowell, Mass.
5. These include the Howard Whittemore Memorial Library (1891-94), the Salem School (1892-94), the Hillside High School (1892-94), and a fountain on the green. Whittemore was responsible for the firm obtaining a commission for a bank (1892-93) and the new Congregational Church (1901-03).
6. See Roth, McKim, Mead & White, Architects, 232-234.
7. She wrote this on her small stationery with its JIL monogram (see Appendix A). Theodate's correspondence with the firm is in the McKim, Mead & White collection of the New-York Historical Society. There are copies in the Hill-Stead archives. This first letter is not dated, but her second letter to the firm, dated September 17, 1898 (see Appendix B), refers to their reply to her earlier letter (that described above) three months previously. Mark Hewitt, who has given a perceptive and detailed description of the creation of Hill-Stead, published the first, undated, letter but did not know the existence of the second letter dated September 17th. This letter is in the Walker Cain Collection, given in 1986 to the Avery Library, Columbia University, New York. See Mark Alan Hewitt, The Architect and the American Country House 1890-1940, New Haven, 1990, 156-163.
8. HS archives, #527.
9. HS archives, #539.
10. New York, Columbia University, Avery Library, Walker Cain Collection. See Appendix B for a transcript of the whole letter.
11. HS archives, #540.
12. NYHS. McKim, Mead & White archives. Gordon Taylor of Boston made the survey.
13. NYHS. McKim, Mead & White archives.
14. The barn plans were subsequently redrawn by a McKim, Mead & White draftsman, L.D. Ayres, between November 25-30, 1898. The McKim, Mead & White plans and elevations for Hill-Stead are in the McKim, Mead & White archives, NYHS.
15. Her working procedure was described by Donald Carson, her foster son who watched her work on the drawings for Avon, in an interview on July 17, 1992.
16. The barn complex burned down in the spring of 1908. Luckily she had had the foresight to install a brick fire wall between the laundry and the carriage shed, which protected the house. The house was further protected by copper sheathing on the roof underneath the shingles. The barn group was rebuilt as before with a few changes.
17. Mount Vernon's balustrade over the eaves has been removed in a restoration.
18. Anna Roosevelt (1855-1931), known as Bamie, was twelve years older than Theodate. When the wife of her cousin, James Roosevelt, died in 1893 leaving two adolescent children, Anna Roosevelt helped care for them and acted as an unofficial hostess at the American Embassy in London where her cousin was first secretary. There she met William Sheffield Cowles, a naval attaché, and married him in 1895. Oldgate, his family house in Farmington, became their summer residence from 1900. See Lilian Rixley, Bamie, Theodore Roosevelt's Remarkable Sister, New York, 1963.
19. Elliot and Adams did the plans that are in the New-York Historical Society.
20. The low, broad arch of the entrance from the hall into the living room is very similar to a hall entrance arch in Carter's Grove, Virginia, that is depicted in one of the books she acquired. See Thomas Allen Glenn, Some Colonial Mansions and Those Who Lived in Them, Philadelphia, 1899, 284.
21. In the butler's pantry the cupboards and counter fronts are painted to imitate golden oak, while the counter tops resemble dark stippled leather. Theodate also had some of the woodwork grained in the Gundy and the O'Rourkery.
22. See Barr Ferree, "Notable American Homes - Hill Stead," American Homes and Gardens, VII, 1910, 45ff. for a description of the downstairs rooms. See also "Mr. Alfred A. Pope's House at Farmington, Conn.," The Architectural Record, XX, 1906, 122ff., for early photographs.
23. Although Beatrix Jones Farrand designed a new planting for the sunken garden sometime after Theodate's marriage in 1916, there is no evidence that she had any part in the garden's creation. The whole scheme is in keeping with Manning's ideas about integrating the house and gardens with the natural setting. Farrand's undated planting plan, labeled "The Garden of Mrs. J.W. Riddle, Farmington, Conn." is in the Hill-Stead archives.
24. The sundial was probably Theodate's idea. Mrs. Alfred Gatty's The Book of Sun-Dials, London, 1900, is in the Popes' library.
25. Hewitt, The Architect and the American Country House, 157. See also Witold Rybcznski, Looking Around A Journey Through Architecture, New York, 1992, 45f.
26. The Timothy North House, 671 Farmington Avenue.
27. Theodate had a marvelous capacity to produce an odd name. When requested for the name of a cow, Theodate suggested Anesthesia, Amnesia, Euthanasia. After Anesthesia had a calf, Theodate proffered Faith, Hope, or Charity.

CHAPTER V: WESTOVER

1. HS archives, Diary Sept. 14, 1900.
2. HS archives, Diary July 20, 1901.
3. Farmington Magazine, I no. 1, 1900, 12.
4. Theodate had the building moved further back on the green. Later the building was moved to 53 Church Street where it has become the Farmington Arts Center. See Barbara Donahue (with photographs by Saren Langmann), Farmington, New England Town Through Time, Farmington, 1989, 87 for an early photograph.
5. Farmington Magazine, I no. 6, 1901, 16; II no. 1, 1901, 26; II no. 4, 1902 editorial.
6. Lillian Wald started the first nonsectarian visiting nurse association, which developed into the Henry Street Settlement in New York.
7. She joined the Unitarian Church in 1900. Dr. Savage was pastor of the Unitarian Church of the Messiah on 34th Street and Park Avenue from 1896 until 1906. He became a member of the Society for Psychical Research. The Hill-Stead library contains some of his books, including The Irrepressible Conflict Between Two World Theories: Christianity and Evolutionary Thought, Boston, 1892; Our Unitarian Gospel, 1900; The Passing and the Permanent in Religion, New York, 1901 (with Theodate's initials on the flyleaf and 1904 as the date of acquisition); and Life's Dark Problems, New York, 1905.
8. The Evolution of Immortality, New York, 1901.
9. The SPR was an offshoot of the Ghost Society, or Cambridge Association for Spiritual Inquiry, started at Cambridge about 1850. Henry Sidgwick, who had belonged to the Ghost Society as an undergraduate, became the first president of the SPR. See also Janet Oppenheim, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850 - 1914, London, 1985, and Ruth Brandon, The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and the Twentieth Centuries, New York, 1983.
10. The American SPR merged with its English parent in 1887 but resumed an independent existence again in 1907 under the guidance of Professor James Hyslop of Columbia University.
11. The medium Leonore Piper was introduced to William James by his mother-in-law in 1885. James published an account of the séances in 1886 in Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1886, I, no.2, 102 ff. Hodgson's first report on Mrs. Piper appeared in 1892, the second in 1898.
12. See Hodgson's "Report of The Commmittee Appointed to Investigate Marvelous Phenomena Connected with the Theosophical Society," Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, III (1885), London.
13. See Gay Wilson Allen, William James. A Biography, London, 1967, 366.
14. See W. James, "Report on Mrs. Piper's Hodgson-Control," Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, III, 1909, part I, 470-500; part II, 501ff.
15. Memoirs, 3f. Theodate continued to participate in séances, recording in her memoirs a session with the Neapolitan medium Eusapia Paladino, who had been brought to the United States by Hereward Carrington late in 1909. Theodate described in detail the large, bare, well-lit room, which contained a rough plank table, eight chairs, and a small curtained closet holding a small three-legged table. Although the medium's hands and feet were held by two sitters on either side, the small table emerged from the closet and rose eighteen inches, the edge tapping the wall before falling in front of Theodate, who, on trying to return it to the closet, met a resisting force behind the curtain. Not only did the table seem to move, but Theodate's velvet turban, which was attached to her hair by two hat pins, slowly rose and descended to the table before her. Ibid., 5ff.
16. Letter to Theodore Flournoy, dated Feb. 9, 1906, The Selected Letters of William James, ed. Elizabeth Hardwick, New York, 1966, 217.
17. American Magazine, October, 1909.
18. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, VIII, 1914, 526f; IX, 1915, 4.
19. John Hillard died from typhoid fever in 1903 when he was twenty-six.
20. See Cassatt's letters to Mrs. Pope and to Theodate in the Hill-Stead archives, nos. 62 & 63 reproduced in Cassatt and Her Circle: Selected Letters, ed. Nancy Mathews, New York, 1984, 284f.
21. Cassatt's report of Theodate's statement to Louisine Havemeyer. See Weitzenhoffer, The Havemeyers, 146.
22. Letter from Cassatt to Theodate, HS archives #64; and letter dated August 4, 1903, from Theodate to John Hillard, HS archives #728.
23. See Lillian Wald, The House on Henry Street, New York, 1915; Beryl Williams, Lillian Wald: Angel of Henry Street, New York, 1948.
24. See letter from Arthur Johnson to John Wallace Riddle, December 20, (1906), Arizona Historical Society Library, Tucson, SG 10 Box 71, folder 60; letter to Theodate from Lillian Wald, dated Jan. 9, 1911, HS archives #1808; letter from Mary Cassatt to Theodate of Dec. 23, (1910), HS archives #71, published in Cassatt and Her Circle, 303f.
25. Letter from Theodate to her mother dated Feb. 3, 1907, HS archives #729.
26. See Theodate's letter to her parents dated June 30, 1907. HS archives #738.
27. See Manning's client list, #823 of the Manning Collection, University of Lowell, Mass. Earlier, in 1897, Whittemore had given Manning charge of the Middlebury green. Ibid., #132.
28. The town hall, originally built in 1897, and the Congregational Church were rebuilt after a fire in 1935.
29. For a concise history of the renovations to the Wren Building and the facade that Theodate would have seen, see Allen Freeman, "The View from the Wren," Historic Preservation, July/August, 1993, 40ff.
30. Letter from Cass Gilbert to Warren Laird dated August 26, 1912. HS archives #1590.
31. As compared, for example, to University Hall, Brown University. See Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture, New York, 1987, 468f., figs. 391-394.
32. Theodate designed the Westover coat of arms and the early uniforms, including the belt buckle and buttons. Both she and Mary Hillard chose the school motto.
33. In 1903 Mary Cassatt had complained to Mrs. Pope about Theodate's favoring bare walls. See note 18.
34. As quoted in Elizabeth Choate Spykman, Westover, Middlebury, CT, 1959, 6.
35. In 1910 the courses offered included math, English, science, history, Latin, French, German, Italian (later dropped), music and drawing. History of art and architecture and psychology were added later. Ibid, 45.
36. See Mary Hillard, "The Spirit of the School and Religion," in The Education of the Modern Girl, Boston, 1929, 46ff.
37. See the Hartford Daily Courant, May 11, 1907, and June 25, 1907.

CHAPTER VI: AN ENGLISH SUMMER AND A NEW DIRECTION

1. Gordon Ramsey, ed., Aspiration and Perseverance: The History of Avon Old Farms School, Connecticut, 1984, 123f.
2. The following books on English architecture, published in London by 1910, are in the Pope library: Curtis W. Green and W. Galsworthy Davie, Old Cottages and Farmhouses in Surrey, London, Batsford, 1908; Alfred J. Gotch, The Growth of the English House, London, Batsford, 1909; Sidney Heath, Old English Houses of Alms: A Pictorial Record with Architectural and Historical Notes, London, Francis Griffiths, 1910; Charles Holme, ed., Old English Country Houses, London, 1906; Mervyn Macartney, English Houses and Gardens in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Series of Bird's-Eye Views, London, Batsford, 1908.
3. William James died at his summer house in Chocorua, New Hampshire on August 26, 1910.
4. Countess Helena was a grand niece of Queen Victoria and lived in St. James Palace. Her sister, Countess Feodora, was a sculptor.
5. Letter from Anna Roosevelt Cowles to Theodate, August 20, 1910, HS archives, 621.
6. See Edwin Lutyens, The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to His Wife, Lady Emily, edited by Clayre Percy and Jane Riddley, London, 1985, 199.
7. HS archives, 783 P #14. That she also mentioned visiting a convent in Mayfield, Sussex, narrows the possibilities of the house by Lutyens that excited her interest.
8. See Manning's client list, #834 in 1909. Manning material is at the University of Lowell, Mass.
9. See George Maher, "A Plea for Indigenous Art," Architectural Record, XXI, 1907, 429ff.
10. Harrie T. Lindeberg, "Thatched Roof Effects with Shingles," Brickbuilder, 18, no. 7, July 1909, 134. Lindeberg and Albro left the firm of McKim, Mead & White to set up their own practice in New York after White died in 1906. See also Hewitt, The Architect & the American Country House, 53ff., fig. 52; Horace Allison, "English Cottage Types in America," Country Life in America, 20, October 1, 1911, 34ff.
11. See for example Barry Parker's series of articles published between 1910 - 12 in The Craftsman.
12. This plaque was removed when Highfield became a clubhouse for a golf course.
13. The plans for the pergola and terrace are at Highfield.
14. Florence Martin Chase's recollection, dated 1984, is included among papers relating to Highfield, conserved at Highfield.
15. Mrs. Gates lived at 540 Park Avenue, New York City, but was not in the New York Social Register.
16. This entrance to the kitchen at the junction of the two wings recalls Voysey's entrance for his father's house, Annesley Lodge (1895), in Platt's Lane, Hampstead or Lutyens's Papillon Court (1903) in Leicestershire.
17. Theodate's caption, "Dormer House: The Home of Mrs. Chas. O. Gates," Country Life in America, XXXV, 1919, 56.
18. Along with Warren Manning, Farrand was one of the founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects in 1899. For Farrand, see Diana Balmori, Diane Kostal McGuire, and Eleanor McPeck, Beatrix Farrand's American Landscapes: Her Gardens and Campuses, New York, 1985, and Jane Brown, Beatrix: The Gardening Life of Beatrix Jones Farrand, New York, 1995.
19. Mary Jones, though divorced from Edith Wharton's brother, continued to act as the author's literary agent.
20. See Henry James. The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, ed. Leon Edel and Lyall Powers, New York, 1987, 329-33.
21. See Theodate's letter to her mother, dated February 12, 1919. HS archives, 919. J.F. Yewell did the rendering. Theodate entered the competition because three women members of the Board of Directors had especially sought her out, hoping to secure a woman architect.
22. See Warren Powers Laird's letter to Theodate, dated August 31, 1912, in the Avon archives. Murphy and Dana were selected to design Loomis.
23. Now a Naval Security Station at 3801 Nebraska Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. The school relocated in 1942.
24. Bessell, who wrote several articles for the White Pine Series between 1916 and 1926, mentioned that he had lived in Farmington for several years. See Wesley Sherwood Bessell, "Farmington Connecticut," The White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, XII, no. 2, 1926, 3. In February 1914 he was working on drawings for Theodate's design for Hop Brook in Naugatuck. HS archives, 832.
25. HS archives, 569. Mrs. Pope mentioned that she hoped Mrs. Somers' banker would approve the construction of a new school, which would mean work for Theodate who, subsequent to her father's death, had opened an office at 15 East 40th Street in New York.
26. The plans are at the Naval Security Station in Washington. See Wesley Sherwood Bessell, "The Mount Vernon Seminary, Washington, D.C.," Architecture, XLI, no. 2, Feb. 1920, 33ff. See also William B. Rhoads, The Colonial Revival, New York, 1977, I, 423; II, fig. 282.
27. Westover School archives.
28. Bessell, Architecture, XLI, no. 2, 1920, 33. He placed an open book over an escutcheon bearing a motto in the broken pediment of his main door.
29. See Ch. 4, note 5.
30. The door to the kindergarten is very much like a door on the interior of a church in Burford in the Cotswolds. Theodate's sketch of this English door is in the archives at Avon Old Farms.
31. HS archives, 847.
32. HS archives, 854.
33. HS archives, 860. Letter from Theodate to her mother dated March 11, 1915.

CHAPTER VII: THE DEATH OF ALFRED POPE

1. Dec., 1903. HS archives, D. II. 8.
2. Letter written by Theodate in Naugatuck to her mother on Feb. 3, 1907. HS archives, 729. Her Quaker background led to the use of "thee" and "thou" and to the lower case for the personal pronoun "I."
3. Dictated June 16, 1942. AF archives.
4. June 1, 1911.
5. See The Talcott Diaries of Mary Dudley Vaill Talcott (Mrs. Charles Hooker Talcott) from 1896-1919, Avon, Conn., 1990, 629.
6. Christopher Bickford, Farmington in Connecticut, Canaan, New Hampshire, 327.
7. HS archives, 859.
8. A copy of the article that appeared in February is in the HS archives, 1137.
9. See The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, XXX, 289.
10. In 1917. See HS archives, 1594.

CHAPTER VIII: THEODATE'S SURVIVAL OF THE LUSITANIA DISASTER

1. See the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, VIII, Nov. 1914, 526f.; IX no. l, Jan. 1915, 4.
2. See E.W. Friend, "Series of Recent 'Non-Evidential Scripts'," I and II, Journal ASPR, IX, 1915, 7ff; 98ff.
3. See Colin Simpson, Lusitania, London, 1972.
4. See her letter to her mother, which is one of the best accounts of the disaster, printed in Ramsey, Aspiration, 117ff.
5. June 8, (1915), HS archives, 74.
6. Marie de Page, a Belgian philanthropist and the only person Theodate talked with extensively besides Friend, also died. So did Elbert Hubbard, the craftsman and founder of the Roycroft Press who had lectured in Farmington in 1901.
7. For James's letter to Theodate see Henry James. Selected Letters, ed. Leon Edel, Cambridge, Mass., 1987, 394f. See also Theodate's Memoirs, 13.

CHAPTER IX: AVON OLD FARMS: PURSUIT OF THE FINAL DREAM

1. See Appendix C.
2. Theodate was also interested in Mrs. Sidgwick's work with the medium Margaret Verrall, who communicated telepathically through automatic writing. See Eleanor Sidgwick's letters to Theodate, HS archives, 1770-1773.
3. A renowned physicist, Oliver Lodge had participated in the Piper séances held in England in 1889 and 1890. He never lost faith in the possibility of telepathic communication with the dead. His major works on the subject include The Immortality of the Soul (1908) and The Survival of Man (1909).
4. Dewey endorsed Avon Old Farms in an article that appeared in the New York Times on Nov. 17, 1924. In 1915 Dewey was a corresponding member of the American SPR, as well as the honorary president of the Progressive Education Association.
5. See Dewey, "Ethical Principles Underlying Education" and "My Pedagogic Creed," The Early Works 1882-1898, V; and "The School and Society," The Middle Works, 1899-1924, I.
6. Before Avon's opening Theodate acquired, among other texts on education, C. Hanford Henderson's What Is It to Be Educated?, Boston, 1914; and Henry Neumann's Education for Moral Growth, New York, 1924, with chapters on the "Ethical Implication of Democracy" and "The Spiritual Ideal."
7. The best sources for her ideas are an early interview in the Hartford Courant, April 3, 1921; a prospectus written prior to the opening of the school in 1927; and the Deed of Trust composed in 1930 and amended in 1931 and 1945. The last version is published in Ramsey, Aspiration, 200ff. There are also some notes she dictated on education in the Avon archives.
8. See his The Americanization of Edward Bok, New York, 1921. Bok was editor of The Ladies Home Journal.
9. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) was a pioneer in experimental or New Psychology in America along with William James, with whom he had studied. He was a corresponding member of the SPR.
10. Ruskin as quoted by Theodate in her interview with the Hartford Courant, April 3, 1921, 3.
11. After the school opened, one boy operated a still in the woods; another ran his own newspaper. Ramsey, Aspiration, 141.
12. Hartford Courant, April 3, 1921, 1, 3.
13. See "Avon Old Farms: A School for Boys at Avon, Conn.," The American Architect, 128, 1925, 391ff. Perhaps Theodate had spoken with Hubbard on board the Lusitania.
14. See Silhouettes, I, 1927, 16ff.
15. Her source for these figures was Howard W. Potter, "The Classification of Mental Defectives," Mental Hygiene, July, 1923.
16. After graduating from Harvard in 1886, John W. Riddle studied international law at Columbia University, receiving his law degree in 1890. Then he studied diplomacy, international law, and languages, including Russian, for three years at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques in Paris. His diplomatic career began in 1893 in Constantinople where he served as secretary at the United States delegation. He subsequently held posts in St. Petersburg, Egypt, Rumania, Serbia, and again in Russia between 1906 and 1909. See The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, New York, 1943, XXX, 288. He had known Theodate for approximately ten years having, in all probability, been introduced to her by their mutual friend Anna R. Cowles.
17. Donald and Paul lived in the O'Rourkery until Mrs. Pope's death in 1920 and then moved into Hill-Stead. They attended different boarding schools. Paul left for the west in 1925 under mysterious circumstances and a break with Theodate. Donald dropped out of Yale and eventually moved west.
18. AF archives. Copy in HS archives 2200A.
19. See her biographical notes. Her office, which she called the Field Office, was a house built by William Potts called Underledge. This house, no longer part of Hill-Stead, is at 45 Mountain Road.
20. See the Catalogue, Avon Old Farms, for the history of the building development.
21. Response by Theodate, dated October 12, 1925, to an inquiry by the Franklin Spier Syndicate regarding heredity. AF archives.
22. Published in the brochure for the opening of Avon Old Farms in 1927. The Brooks Quadrangle, as well as the buildings planned for the far side of the village green, was never completed. See the Catalogue, Avon Old Farms.
23. Brooks Emeny, Theodate Pope Riddle and the Founding of Avon Old Farms, Avon, Conn., 1973, 12.
24. See the Catalogue, New York, Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace.
25. Theodate's letter to her mother on Feb. 22 (1920). HS archives, 1147.

CHAPTER X: AVON OLD FARMS: REALIZATION OF THE DREAM

1. See C. Howard Walker, "The Inspirational Value of Collegiate Architecture," The Architectural Forum, XLIV, no. 6, June 1926, 344ff; Ralph Adams Cram, "College and University Chapels," The Architectural Forum, XLIV, no. 6, June 1926, 367ff.
2. Although the foundations were laid in the fall of 1917, the entrance of the United States into World War I delayed construction until the summer of 1919. Beatrix Farrand, who had earlier designed the grounds of Princeton's Graduate College, began landscape work at Yale in 1922. See George Nichols, "The Memorial Quadrangle of Yale University and the Harkness Memorial Tower," Architecture, XLIV, 1921, 293ff; Adolph Bernhard, "Structural Features," Architecture, XLIV, 1921, 311f; James Gamble Rogers, "The Harkness Memorial Quadrangle, Yale University," Architecture, XLIV, 1921, 287ff.
3. On April 14, 1920, Theodate wrote to her sister-in-law, Grace Flandrau, that Avon's plot plan and three colored perspectives had been exhibited that winter in a Manhattan 57th Street gallery.
4. See note 2, Chapter VI. After 1910 she acquired Basil Oliver's Old Houses and Village Buildings in East Anglia, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex, London, Batsford (1912); J. Alfred Gotch, The English Home from Charles I to George IV: Its Architecture, Decoration, and Garden Design, New York, (1918); C.F. Innocent, The Development of English Building Construction, Cambridge, England, 1916; and Herbert Cescinsky and Ernest R. Gribble, Early English Furniture and Woodwork, London and New York, 1922.
5. Published about 1910 in London and New York. Theodate also acquired the second series of Small Country Houses of To-Day published in 1919.
6. Small Country Houses of To-Day, First Series, (c. 1910), 120ff. with a plan and illustration of the garden facade.
7. The American Institute of Architects, Archives.
8. Interview with Donald Carson July 17, 1992.
9. Those living in Broadway included Edwin Abbey, an illustrator married to William Rutherford Mead's sister; Frank Millet; J.S. Sargent; and the architect Guy Dawber. See Alan Crawford, C.R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer and Romantic Socialist, New Haven, 1985, 108f.
10. Upper Dorval was described by Weaver in Small Houses of To-Day, First Series, (c. 1910), lff. Gimson's house appears in the same volume, 51f. Stoneywell, the thatched cottage Gimson designed for his brother in 1898, was included by Weaver in his second series of Small Country Houses (1919) because of its remarkable organic relationship to the site. The thick stone walls seem to grow from the rocky outcrops of a sloping hill - the rock foundations dictating a zigzag plan for the house. See Small Country Houses of To-Day, 1919, 15ff.
11. He died in 1919.
12. Although the Biddulfs were able to move into the house in 1917, it was not finished until 1926. See Mary Comino, Gimson and the Barnsleys, London, 1980, 132ff.
13. See Clive Aslet, "Rodmarton Manor, Gloucestershire I," Country Life, CLXIV, 1978, 1178ff.
14. See Peter Davey, Architecture of the Arts and Crafts Movement, London, 1980, 150ff.
15. Alfred Powell (1865-1960) abandoned architecture, except for designing an occasional house, to concentrate on decorating pottery with his wife, Louise. They set up a studio for painting ceramics and worked as freelance artists for Wedgwood. After teaching pottery at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London from 1906 to 1907, they moved to the neighborhood of Cirencester. Sidney Barnsley made Powell a potter's wheel, and later Sidney's daughter, Grace, studied with the Powells. See Comino, Gimson and the Barnsleys, 16, 204.
16. See Powell's letter to Theodate dated February 9, 1921, HS archives, 1723.
17. Gimson designed Bedales's assembly hall, which was constructed in 1910 from local handmade bricks. Massive oak buttresses support the roof on the interior. In 1919 Gimson furnished plans for a library which was constructed according to his designs by Barnsley and Geoffrey Lupton, his former pupil, and supervised by Sidney Barnsley. Comino, Gimson and the Barnsleys, 142ff; figs. 109-111.
18. These notes, which are in the Avon archives, are on twenty-eight small sheets. Some are from two different loose leaf notebooks, each six by three and one half inches, a few are on her cards, and others are on yellow note sheets. They seem to pertain to the same trip and can be dated after 1922 because of a reference to Avon's stone quarry, which opened in that year, and before the end of 1926 when Sub Edge Farm is mentioned in Avon's operating expenses. Shepherd's Sub Edge is included in the names for locations at Avon that Theodate jotted down on one of these sheets.
19. The notes include a sketch of a fireplace, with its measurements, at the Lygon Arms. Later, in 1928, she ordered from the Russell Workshops a rendering of a fireplace surround of tiles painted with small birds for the Tuck Shop, which was then in the planning state. This was sent to Theodate at Hill-Stead on November 20, 1928, and is in the AF archives.
20. Wade left Unwin's office in 1911 to illustrate books until the outbreak of the War. After his return from service, an inheritance allowed him to purchase Snowshill and to concentrate on his collection.
21. "Unique 'Eton' at Old Farms," The New York Evening Sun, LXXXVIII, no. 164, March 9, 1921; John Foley, "Avon School: Radical Departure in Teaching Methods to Develop Individual Thinking, Initiative and Will Power," The Hartford Courant, April 3, 1921, 1, 3.
22. In a general, undated letter, probably written in March 1923; Arizona Historical Society Library, Box 76. Certainly Theodate had collapsed after her misadventure and had even been referred to a Jungian psychiatrist, Beatrice Hinkle.
23. Mina Curtiss, Other People's Letters: A Memoir, Boston, 1978, 118.
24. In 1977 the station house, having suffered vandalism and fire, was gutted on the interior to be refurbished as a guest house and master's apartment and is now called Brooks House.
25. Before returning home they taught their skills to the local workmen. See Emeny, Theodate Pope Riddle, 12; and Ramsey, Aspiration, 133. Bill Kegley, the custodian of buildings and grounds from 1924 said that these workmen came in 1922.
26. See Theodate's construction notes dated 1923 for the forge in the AF archives.
27. The Avon bricks, called Star Colonial, are 2 x 9 1/2 x 4" and were ordered from the Ketcham Brick Company. See the Avon Construction notes in the AF Archives.
28. Because the chapel failed to materialize, the carpentry shop eventually became the Chapel of Jesus the Carpenter in 1948.
29. Finished in 1928 and originally the estate manager's house. See Architectural Record, LXII, 1927, 381.
30. See, for example, the many suburban English-style houses featured in The Architect in 1926.
31. The engineer's house is brick, as is the foundation of the northeast bluff-side of the quadrangle.
32. That Theodate carefully planned every detail of this relief is clear from a later letter to Lawrie in which she describes in minute detail a second relief planned for the chapel porch. See letter, dated September 9, 1941, to Lee Lawrie, Appendix E. Lee Lawrie (1877-1963) specialized in designing architectural sculpture. He taught at Yale University's School of Fine Arts between 1908 and 1918. At Yale his work decorates the Harkness Tower as well as the Sterling Memorial Library completed in 1930. Some of his major projects in New York City include the reredos designed with Bertram Goodhue for St. Thomas Church (1914-16), reliefs for the east entrance to the RCA (GE) Building, and the figure of Atlas (1937) at Rockefeller Center.
33. Originally the soaring eagle was distinct from the persistent beaver.
34. Completed in 1926-27. See The Architect, 1926, LII, LVI.
35. This feature was singled out by the architect, E. Guy Dawber in his book with W. Galsworthy Davie, Old Cottages, Farm-houses, and Other Stone Buildings in the Cotswold District, London, 1905, 22. Although Theodate may have known this book, she did not own it.
36. "Men's judgments are a parcel of their fortunes" from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (Act 3, sc. 13), is carved over the office entrance to the dean's house. An owl, representing wisdom, perches on the finial.
37. Before construction, Theodate had had full size models of these arched braces created so that she could study their scale and design, see Ramsey, Aspiration, 136.
38. AF archives.

CHAPTER XI: TROUBLED TIMES FOR AVON

1. AF archives.
2. She also had intended visiting some English country houses, Stowe School in Buckingham, and Welbeck Abbey in Worksop, Notts.
3. The charges and Theodate's rebuttal were filed with the secretary of the AIA. Her rebuttal to the charges is in the AF archives. See also the Hartford Daily Courant, March 4 and 11, 1930.
4. This first Deed of Trust was signed by Theodate on May 12, 1930. An Amended Deed of Trust is dated February 14, 1931. See Emeny, Theodate Pope Riddle, 26 and appendix. For the last Amended Deed of Trust of 1945, see Ramsey, Aspiration, 200ff.
5. The Hartford Times, June 7, 1930, 1f.
6. There are changes in the plans and elevations. For example, the library acquired a tower extension to house a museum for the mastodon bones, which had been found on the Hill-Stead property in 1913. See The Hartford Courant, May 27, 1934.
7. Fortune Magazine, XIII, no.l, Jan. 1936, 48ff. The author of the article was probably Archibald MacLeish, one of the editors and a nephew of Mary Hillard. He had sent his son, Kenneth, to Avon.
8. March 6-20, 1938. The other two were Cabina Eaglesfield Mortimer and Bertha Mather McPherson.
9. The Congress met at Montevideo, Uruguay. See The Hartford Courant, May 3, 1940.
10. Eugene R. Gaddis, Magician of the Modern: Chick Austin and the Transformation of the Arts in America, New York, 2000, 178
11. Ramsey, Aspiration, 30.
12. Stabler had been the Chaplain and Boardman lecturer on Christian ethics at the University of Pennsylvania. See The Hartford Courant, Aug. 21, 1940.
13. Westbrook gave this estimate to Theodate on November 16, 1940. Information in AF archives.
14. Given to Tidewater on Jan. 21, 1941. AF Archives.
15. See Appendix E for this letter, which is dated Sept. 9, 1941.
16. Ramsey, Aspiration, 32.
17. Letter from Theodate to the faculty, May 17, 1944, AF archives.
18. See Ramsey, Aspiration, 41ff.
19. For Avon's more recent history, see Ibid., 58ff. and the Avonian, Autumn-Winter, 2000-2001.

CATALOGUE OF BUILDINGS: CONNECTICUT

AVON, AVON OLD FARMS

1. Theodate's notes on English construction procedures; notes compiled in 1923 on the building procedures followed at Avon for the water tower, forge, wheelwright shop, and carpentry shop; and notes written in 1924 on mill work are in the AF archives. See also Appendix D.
2. For the plan of what existed of the Pope quadrangle and its immediate vicinity in 1927, see the first Student Handbook of 1928-29 published in Ramsey, Aspiration, 25.

FARMINGTON, HILL-STEAD

1. See the McKim, Mead & White bill books, vol. VII, 13, 288, NYHS. Almost all of Theodate's extant correspondence with the firm in addition to the plans for Hill-Stead is in the McKim, Mead & White archives in the New-York Historical Society.
2. See the McKim, Mead & White bill book, vol. IX, 179, NYHS.
3. See HS archives, Blueprint #2.

FARMINGTON, THE O'ROURKERY

1. Theodate's cousin Elizabeth Brooks mentioned this renovation in a letter to Agnes Hamilton, written on May 1, 1893. Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, Mass. There is a copy in the HS archives, #2178.